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Health Content Contributors

Overseen by Chief Medical Editor Alan R. Gaby, MD, the Healthnotes interdisciplinary writing team is composed of experts from the fields of medicine, pharmacy, nursing, naturopathy, public health, and chiropractic. We regularly update our knowledgebase, annually reviewing tens of thousands of articles published in more than 600 peer-reviewed scientific and medical journals to ensure consumers receive fully referenced, up-to-date health information based on the latest scientific and medical research.

Alan R. Gaby, MD, Chief Medical Editor
An expert in nutritional therapies, Chief Medical Editor Alan R. Gaby is a former professor of Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences, where he served as the Endowed Professor of Nutrition. He is past-president of the American Holistic Medical Association and served as a member of the Ad-Hoc Advisory Panel of the National Institutes of Health Office of Alternative Medicine. He is author of Preventing and Reversing Osteoporosis (Prima Lifestyles, 1995) and B6: The Natural Healer (Keats, 1987). He is co-author of The Patient’s Book of Natural Healing (Prima Lifestyles, 1999), The Natural Pharmacy (Three Rivers Press, 1999), and the A–Z Guide to Drug-Herb-Vitamin Interactions (Three Rivers Press, 1999). Dr. Gaby has conducted nutritional seminars for physicians and has collected over 30,000 scientific papers related to the field of nutritional and natural medicine.

Jonathan V. Wright, MD, Editorial Reviewer and Advisor
Regarded as one of the world's finest preventive medical doctors, Dr. Wright has practiced nutritional medicine at the Tahoma Clinic in Kent, WA, and has authored numerous books, including Natural Hormone Replacement for Women Over 45 (Smart, 1997), Dr. Wright's Guide to Healing with Nutrition (Keats, 1990), and Dr. Wright's Book of Nutritional Therapy (Rodale, 1979). He also coauthored The Patient's Book of Natural Healing (Prima Lifestyles, 1999) and The Natural Pharmacy (Three Rivers Press, 1999) (Three Rivers Press, 1999), and has authored the newsletter Nutrition and Healing.

Forrest Batz, PharmD, Contributor
Dr. Batz received a doctorate degree in pharmacy from the University of California, San Francisco, and completed a clinical pharmacy residency at the Tucson VA Medical Center. He has served as a natural products information consultant; as assistant clinical professor in the School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco; and as assistant editor of the Pharmacist's Letter. He also coauthored the A–Z Guide to Drug-Herb-Vitamin Interactions (Three Rivers Press, 1999).

Rick Chester, RPh, ND, DiplAc, Section Editor and Contributor
Dr. Chester earned his pharmacy degree from Oregon State University and his doctorate in naturopathic medicine from the National College of Naturopathic Medicine. He operated an eclectic group practice in Arizona for seven years, has served as president of the Arizona Naturopathic Medical Association, and has taught pharmacology, geriatrics, pulmonology, and practice management. He received his acupuncture certification through the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine and completed a master's in acupuncture and Oriental medicine at the International Institute of Chinese Medicine in Albuquerque, NM.

George Constantine, RPh, PhD, Contributor
Dr. Constantine, a professor emeritus at the College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, has extensive knowledge of natural products and herbal medicine. Dr. Constantine has taught pharmacists, physicians, nurses, and allied healthcare professionals throughout the United States and lectured at the National College of Naturopathic Medicine and Western States Chiropractic College. A past-president of the American Society of Pharmacognosy, Dr. Constantine has authored 52 professional and scientific articles and has served as a reviewer for the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. He authored Tyler's Tips—the Shopper's Guide for Herbal Remedies (Haworth, 2000), has chaired the Naturopathic Formulary Council for the Board of Naturopathic Board of Examiners, and cofounded the Benton Hospice in Corvallis, OR.

Linnea D. Thompson, PharmD, ND, Contributor
A licensed pharmacist and naturopathic physician, Dr. Thompson earned her naturopathic doctorate at Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences and her pharmacy degree from the University of California, San Francisco.

Amber Ackerson, ND, Contributor
Dr. Ackerson is a licensed naturopathic physician and a graduate of the National College of Naturopathic Medicine in Portland, OR. Her research reviews have been published in the Townsend Letter for Doctors, Journal of Naturopathic Medicine, Alternative and Complimentary Therapies, and other journals, and she has contributed to a number of magazines and books.

Jeremy Appleton, ND, Senior Science Editor and Contributor
Dr. Appleton is a licensed naturopathic physician, writer, and educator in the field of evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. He received his bachelor's degree from Reed College and his doctorate in naturopathic medicine from the National College of Naturopathic Medicine (NCNM). Dr. Appleton completed a residency at Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences, where he was also on faculty as an adjunct professor of orthopedics and clinical medicine. He has had private practices in WA, Vermont, and Oregon, and has also worked in the nutritional supplement industry as a director of scientific and regulatory affairs. Dr. Appleton has chaired the NCNM Nutrition department and served as the senior science editor for Healthnotes.

Steve Austin, ND, Contributor
Dr. Austin, a licensed naturopathic physician, is Healthnotes former chief science editor and a former professor of nutrition at the National College of Naturopathic Medicine. Dr. Austin has also headed the nutrition departments at Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences and Western States Chiropractic College. He contributed to the Textbook of Natural Medicine and the co-author of Breast Cancer: What You Should Know (But May Not Be Told) About Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment (Prima Lifestyles, 1994), The Natural Pharmacy (Three Rivers Press, 1999), and the A–Z Guide to Drug-Herb-Vitamin Interactions (Three Rivers Press, 1999).

Deah Baird, ND, Contributor
Dr. Baird received her doctorate in naturopathic medicine from Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences and completed a residency at National College of Naturopathic Medicine and a chief residency at Bastyr University. She specializes in counseling, natural childbirth, and women's health issues.

Kimberly Beauchamp, ND, Contributor
Dr. Beuchamp received her bachelor’s degree from the University of Rhode Island and her doctorate of naturopathic medicine from Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences. Cofounder of South County Naturopaths, Inc. in Wakefield, RI, Dr. Beauchamp has worked as a practicing physician, and taught holistic medicine classes.

Matthew Brignall, ND, Contributor
A graduate of Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences, Dr. Brignall completed a one-year research fellowship at the Tahoma Clinic in Kent, WA, where he studied nutritional and herbal treatments. He has worked at the Seattle Cancer Treatment and Wellness Center and held a private practice in Kirkland, WA.

Donald J. Brown, ND, Contributor
Dr. Brown is a naturopathic physician and one of the leading authorities in the United States on evidence-based herbal medicine. A graduate and former associate professor of the Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences, Dr. Brown has served on the Advisory Board of the American Botanical Council and the President's Advisory Board of Bastyr University. Dr. Brown has served as an advisor to the Office of Dietary Supplements at the National Institutes of Health. He is the author of Herbal Prescriptions for Health and Healing (Prima Lifestyles, 2000) and co-author of The Natural Pharmacy (Three Rivers Press, 1999) and the A–Z Guide to Drug-Herb-Vitamin Interactions (Three Rivers Press, 1999).

Rick Chester, RPh, ND, DiplAc, Contributor
Dr. Chester earned his pharmacy degree from Oregon State University and his doctorate in naturopathic medicine from the National College of Naturopathic Medicine; he operated an eclectic group practice in Arizona for seven years. Dr. Chester served as president of the Arizona Naturopathic Medical Association and has taught pharmacology, geriatrics, pulmonology, and practice management. He received his acupuncture certification through the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine and completed a master’s in acupuncture and Oriental medicine at the International Institute of Chinese Medicine in Albuquerque.

George Constantine, RPh, PhD, Contributor
Dr. Constantine, a Professor Emeritus at the College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, has extensive knowledge of natural products and herbal medicine. Dr. Constantine teaches continuing education programs to pharmacists, physicians, nurses, and allied healthcare professionals throughout the United States and has lectured at the National College of Naturopathic Medicine and Western States Chiropractic College. A past-president of the American Society of Pharmacognosy, Dr. Constantine has authored 52 professional and scientific articles and currently is a reviewer for the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. He is author of Tyler’s Tips—the Shopper’s Guide for Herbal Remedies (Haworth, 2000). Dr. Constantine is also the chair of the Naturopathic Formulary Council for the Board of Naturopathic Board of Examiners and co-founder of the Benton Hospice in Corvallis, Oregon.

Regina Dehen, ND, MAcOM, LAc, Contributor
Dr. Dehen earned her BA in biology at Reed College, her MAcOM at the Oregon College of Oriental Medicine, and her ND at the National College of Naturopathic Medicine. She distinguished herself as a recipient of a National Institutes of Health research grant which led to an appointment as a research associate at the Oregon Health & Science University. Her research in pathology resulted in publication in the Annals of Rheumatic Diseases and in a presentation at the American College of Rheumatology.

Alice Duncan, DC, CCH, Contributor and Section Editor of Homeopathic Remedies
Dr. Duncan is a certified classical homeopath and chiropractic physician. She is the author of Your Healthy Child: A Guide to Natural Healthcare (Jeremy P Tarcher, 1990; Sanicula, 1995), a co-author of The Natural Pharmacy (Three Rivers Press, 1999), and former editor of the professional homeopathic journal, Simillimum.

Tori Hudson, ND, Contributor
Dr. Hudson is a nationally known expert on women's health. A popular speaker, she authored the Women's Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine (Keats, 1999) and has been in clinical practice in Portland, OR.

Darin Ingels, ND, MT (ASCP), Contributor
Dr. Ingels received his naturopathic medical degree from Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences. In addition to contributing to Healthnotes, Dr. Ingels has authored Everything You Need To Know About Garlic and Cholesterol (Prima, 1999) and Natural Treatments For High Cholesterol (Prima, 2000). He specializes in allergies and environmental medicine and has held a private practice in Westport, CT, as part of an integrated medical team.

James Gerber, DC, Contributor
Dr. Gerber has served as associate professor of clinical sciences at Western States Chiropractic College (WSCC) in Portland, OR, and taught postgraduate courses for several other colleges. He graduated from WSCC, received his master's degree in nutrition from the University of Bridgeport, and is board certified in nutrition and orthopedics. Dr. Gerber is the author of the Handbook of Preventive and Therapeutic Nutrition ( Aspen, 1993) and a contributor to Conservative Management of Sports Injuries (Williams & Wilkins, 1997).

Ronald LeFebvre, DC, Contributor
Dr. LeFebvre has acted as dean of chiropractic and clinical education at Western States Chiropractic College (WSCC) and as director of the Clinical Standards, Protocols and Education Project, a program conceived to establish evidence-based guidelines for care in the WSCC clinic system.

Michael Murray, ND, Contributor
Dr. Murray, one of the world's leading authorities on natural medicine, has authored, coauthored, or edited over 20 books, including A Textbook of Natural Medicine (Churchill Livingstone, 1999) and the best-selling Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine (Three Rivers Press, 1997).

Ronald Reichert, ND, Contributor
An expert in European phytotherapy, Dr. Reichert has practiced medicine in Vancouver, British Columbia, and regularly contributed articles to lay and professional publications in Canada.

Trina Seligman, ND, Contributor
Dr. Seligman’s clinical specialty is in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, depression, anxiety, and women's health concerns. A naturopathic physician and licensed acupuncturist, she has been in private practice at Evergreen Integrative Medicine in Kirkland, WA, and worked for the research department of Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences, assisting in the design of research protocols and the administration of clinical trials.

Maureen Williams, ND, Contributor
Dr. Williams completed a bachelor of science in bioengineering at the University of Pennsylvania. She spent four years working with the urban poor, homeless, and mentally ill before returning to school and earning her naturopathic doctorate at Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences. As a licensed naturopath, she has maintained a private practice in Vermont and also worked in free clinics locally and in Central America.

Eric Yarnell, ND, Contributor
Dr. Yarnell has served as president of the Botanical Medicine Academy and as senior editor for the Journal of Natusropathic Medicine. He is author of Naturopathic Gastroenterology (Naturopathic Medical Press, 2000), Naturopathic Urology and Men's Health (Naturopathic Medical Press, 2001), and a contributing author to the A–Z Guide to Drug-Herb-Vitamin Interactions (Three Rivers Press, 1999). Dr. Yarnell is former chair of the department of botanical medicine at the Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine.

Drug-Nutrient Interaction Content Contributors

Healthnotes drug-nutrient interaction content (known as Safetychecker or Using Medicines with Vitamins and Herbs) is written by a team of experts from the fields of medicine, pharmacy, naturopathy, and public health. This information covers the ways in which common prescription and over-the-counter drugs interact with herbs, vitamins, and foods, including potential nutrient depletions, interference with drug actions, reduction of drug side effects, and interference with drug absorption (bioavailability) when taking herbs, nutritional supplements, or food with certain medications.

We regularly update our knowledgebase by annually reviewing thousands of articles published in more than 600 peer reviewed medical journals to ensure consumers receive fully referenced, up-to-date health information based on the latest scientific and medical research.

Alan R. Gaby, MD, Chief Medical Editor
An expert in nutritional therapies, Chief Medical Editor Alan R. Gaby is a former professor of Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences, where he served as the Endowed Professor of Nutrition. He is past-president of the American Holistic Medical Association and served as a member of the Ad-Hoc Advisory Panel of the National Institutes of Health Office of Alternative Medicine. He is author of Preventing and Reversing Osteoporosis (Prima Lifestyles, 1995) and B6: The Natural Healer (Keats, 1987). He is co-author of The Patient’s Book of Natural Healing (Prima Lifestyles, 1999), The Natural Pharmacy (Three Rivers Press, 1999), and the A–Z Guide to Drug-Herb-Vitamin Interactions (Three Rivers Press, 1999). Dr. Gaby has conducted nutritional seminars for physicians and has collected over 30,000 scientific papers related to the field of nutritional and natural medicine.

Forrest Batz, PharmD, Contributor
Dr. Batz received a doctorate degree in pharmacy from the University of California, San Francisco, and completed a clinical pharmacy residency at the Tucson VA Medical Center. He has served as a natural products information consultant; as assistant clinical professor in the School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco; and as assistant editor of the Pharmacist's Letter. He also coauthored the A–Z Guide to Drug-Herb-Vitamin Interactions (Three Rivers Press, 1999).

Rick Chester, RPh, ND, DiplAc, Section Editor and Contributor
Dr. Chester earned his pharmacy degree from Oregon State University and his doctorate in naturopathic medicine from the National College of Naturopathic Medicine. He operated an eclectic group practice in Arizona for seven years, has served as president of the Arizona Naturopathic Medical Association, and has taught pharmacology, geriatrics, pulmonology, and practice management. He received his acupuncture certification through the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine and completed a master's in acupuncture and Oriental medicine at the International Institute of Chinese Medicine in Albuquerque, NM.

George Constantine, RPh, PhD, Contributor
Dr. Constantine, a professor emeritus at the College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, has extensive knowledge of natural products and herbal medicine. Dr. Constantine has taught pharmacists, physicians, nurses, and allied healthcare professionals throughout the United States and lectured at the National College of Naturopathic Medicine and Western States Chiropractic College. A past-president of the American Society of Pharmacognosy, Dr. Constantine has authored 52 professional and scientific articles and has served as a reviewer for the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. He authored Tyler's Tips—the Shopper's Guide for Herbal Remedies (Haworth, 2000), has chaired the Naturopathic Formulary Council for the Board of Naturopathic Board of Examiners, and cofounded the Benton Hospice in Corvallis, OR.

Jeremy Appleton, ND, Senior Science Editor and Contributor
Dr. Appleton is a licensed naturopathic physician, writer, and educator in the field of evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. He received his bachelor's degree from Reed College and his doctorate in naturopathic medicine from the National College of Naturopathic Medicine (NCNM). Dr. Appleton completed a residency at Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences, where he was also on faculty as an adjunct professor of orthopedics and clinical medicine. He has had private practices in WA, Vermont, and Oregon, and has also worked in the nutritional supplement industry as a director of scientific and regulatory affairs. Dr. Appleton has chaired the NCNM Nutrition department and served as the senior science editor for Healthnotes.

Food & Diet Content Contributors

Healthnotes food and diet writing team is composed of leading registered dietitians and other nutrition and culinary experts who are well versed on the preparation, uses, and nutritional value of hundreds of foods, the latest diet trends, and just about everything you ever wanted to know about food. Many have taught nutrition at universities, written cookbooks, and worked as professional chefs and cooking instructors.

Virginia Messina, MPH, RD, Senior Dietitian
Ms. Messina specializes in vegetarian nutrition and has served as a senior editor of a vegetarian nutrition newsletter published by Loma Linda University. She coauthored two popular books on nutrition: The Vegetarian Way (Crown Books, 1996) and The Simple Soybean and Your Health (Avery Publishers, 1994); the first textbook on vegetarian nutrition, The Dietitians’ Guide to Vegetarian Diets (Aspen Publishers, 1996); and three cookbooks.

Nancy Becker, MS, RD, LD, Contributor
Ms. Becker has worked as a research dietitian at Oregon Health Sciences University, a weight management instructor at Providence Hospital Systems, a cookbook writer, and she coproduced the video Lowfat & Fast! Real Food for Busy People,™ which features tasty, low-fat meals. She has also taught nutrition as an adjunct professor at Portland State University.

Lisa Fleige, RD, Contributor
Ms. Fleige has been a nutritionist and complementary healthcare specialist for many years, with field experiences including clinical nutrition, product design, writing, and education. She was the founder and director of New Dimensions in Nutrition, a consulting firm specializing in research and product development services for the natural products industry, and she has served as director of new product development at Phillips International.

Sandy Miller, MS, RD, LD, Contributor
An innovative nutrition educator, Ms. Miller has coordinated the community nutrition programs for Providence Health System many years and has conducted numerous classes and workshops. She authored the book Smart CHOICES for Health™, and coproduced the cooking video Lowfat & Fast! Real Food for Busy People™.

Suzanne Munson, MS, RD, Contributor
Ms. Munson earned her master’s in nutrition at Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences. She has coauthored articles published in Natural Medicine Journal, Alternative Medicine Review, and Health Products Business; and has been an adjunct faculty member at Bastyr University and a member of the American Dietetics Association and the Nutrition in Complementary Care Practice Group.

Nancy Faas, MSW, MPH, Contributor
As a writer and editor, Ms. Faas’ work includes Integrating Complementary Medicine in Health Systems ( Aspen, 2001), Optimal Digestion (HarperCollins, 1999), and a book on immunity (New World Library, 2001). She has worked as a science editor at the University of California, San Francisco; as an archivist; and in scholarly publishing.

Stephanie Gailing, MS, CN, Contributor
Ms. Gailing is a writer and researcher specializing in natural health topics. She holds a master’s degree in nutrition from Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences, where she has served as adjunct faculty. She has been involved in the natural products industry for many years, with experiences ranging from operating her own natural products retail store to serving as a marketing consultant for dietary supplement companies.

Elaine Gavalas, MA, MS, Doctoral candidate at Columbia University, NY, Contributor
Ms. Gavalas is a nutritionist, exercise physiologist, and weight-management specialist. She authored the book Secrets of Fat-Free Greek Cooking (Penguin Putnam Avery, 1998) and a four-book series on yoga (Simon & Schuster).

Carolyn Latteier MA, Contributor
Ms. Latteier is a journalist, editor, and author specializing in health, fitness, and psychology. She authored the book Breasts: The Women's Perspective on an American Obsession (Haworth, 1998) and her articles have appeared widely in newspapers, such as the Los Angeles Times, and in magazines, such as Medical Self Care and Healthy Answers. Ms. Latteier holds a master’s degree from Washington State University.

Patty Andersen-Parrado, Contributor
Ms. Andersen-Parrado has worked in the health-communications field for many years, including serving as senior associate editor at Better Nutrition magazine. She is a graduate of Montclair State University.

Robin Robertson, Contributor
Ms. Robertson has worked with food for many years as a restaurant chef, cooking teacher, and food writer. She has authored eight vegetarian cookbooks, a weekly newspaper column, and has written articles for Vegetarian Times, Better Nutrition, Health Naturally, Restaurant Business Magazine, and The National Culinary Review

Lisa Turner, Contributor
Ms. Turner, a food and nutrition writer specializing in healthful gourmet cooking, has been a monthly columnist and regular contributor to Better Nutrition, Great Life, Let’s Live, Veggie Life, Vegetarian Times, and other magazines. She authored Mostly Macro (Inner Traditions, 1995) and Meals That Heal (Inner Traditions, 1996) and has worked as a private chef and taught cooking classes.

Jeremy Appleton, ND, Senior Science Editor and Contributor
Dr. Appleton is a licensed naturopathic physician, writer, and educator in the field of evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. He received his bachelor's degree from Reed College and his doctorate in naturopathic medicine from the National College of Naturopathic Medicine (NCNM). Dr. Appleton completed a residency at Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences, where he was also on faculty as an adjunct professor of orthopedics and clinical medicine. He has had private practices in WA, Vermont, and Oregon, and has also worked in the nutritional supplement industry as a director of scientific and regulatory affairs. Dr. Appleton has chaired the NCNM Nutrition department and served as the senior science editor for Healthnotes.

National Cattlemen’s Beef Association
Many of our beef recipes were provided by the National Cattlemen's Foundation, an organization whose mission is to promote the future of the beef industry through research and education that will help provide the public with a wholesome and economical supply of beef.

National Fisheries Institute
Many of our fish recipes were provided by the National Fisheries Institute (NFI), the leading trade association for the fish and seafood industry. Representing a wide spectrum of firms, from small family-owned businesses to large multinational corporations, the NFI is committed to helping its members succeed in the global seafood marketplace.

National Pork Board
Many of our pork recipes were provided by the National Pork Board, an organization created by the United States Congress to collect funds derived from a percentage of all pork sales and allocate those funds to further the pork industry with both national and state programs.

Photographers

Steven Foster, Photographer
Mr. Foster has worked as an author, photographer, and consultant specializing in medicinal and aromatic plants. He has written 13 books on herbs, including A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants (with Dr. James A. Duke) (Houghton Mifflin's Peterson Series, 2000), Herbs for Your Health (Interweave Press, 1996), and Echinacea—Nature's Immune Enhancer (Healing Arts Press, 1991). In addition to providing photographs to Healthnotes, he has contributed to The Herb Companion, Herbs for Health, and HerbalGram magazines.

Martin Wall, Photographer
Mr. Wall owns Martin Wall Botanical Services, a company that supplies botanical images for educational and commercial use. His images have been seen in Natural Pharmacy, Herbs for Health, Nutrition Science News, and many other magazines and books. Along with his wife, Deetra, Mr. Wall has also acted as director of the Southeastern School of Herbal Studies from his home base in Greensboro, NC.

Editorial Staff

Schuyler W. Lininger, Jr., DC, President and Publisher
Dr. Lininger, the editor-in-chief of The Natural Pharmacy (Three Rivers Press, 1999) and the A–Z Guide to Drug-Herb-Vitamin Interactions (Three Rivers Press, 1999). He has authored or coauthored a dozen computer books and numerous technology and health-related articles. He founded Healthnotes, Inc. in 1986, and is the publisher of all Healthnotes publications for Web and kiosk and in print. Dr. Lininger on the boards of several natural medicine colleges.

Jenefer Angell, MALS, MA, Managing Editor
Ms. Angell oversees the workflow for Healthnotes content as well as the Healthnotes Newswire and Healthnotes Newsletter. She has been the managing editor at two Internet-based companies, an assistant editor at Simon & Schuster, and a nonfiction book editor for Beyond Words Publishing. She holds two master's degrees: a liberal studies degree from Reed College and a children's literature degree from Simmons College.

Sarah Crespi, Researcher
Ms. Crespi conducts research for Healthnotes; she is primarily responsible for regularly collecting studies for Healthnotes Newswire. Ms. Crespi received her bachelor's degree in biology from Reed College.